Chapter 0
Setting Up Brainfuck
Table of Contents
Brainfuck was designed to be easily interpretable and lightweight. This makes getting set up very simple. There are a number of options to set up a Brainfuck ecosystem, some of which are discussed here.
0.1: Repl.it
repl.it is a free, online, and collaborative IDE that supports a wide number of languages, including Brainfuck (and many other esoteric languages). To get started, sign up for an account and create a Brainfuck repl:
After you give the repl a name and click Create, an editor will open. By default, repl.it opens to a Brainfuck implementation that prints out the Fibonacci series.
repl.it provides a set of helpful code ‘recipes’, which can be accessed by clearing all code in the .bf file and clicking on the hyperlinked examples. Using repl.it is an easy way to get up and running with Brainfuck, especially if you want to collaborate.
0.2: Brainfuck Visualizers
Developing in Brainfuck can be significantly easier if code or code blocks are created with a visual reference of the digital tape being manipulated. There are a number of great Brainfuck visualizers, but this one and this one are probably some of the best. Users can enter Brainfuck code in a natural editor and the visualizers will highlight how your code manipulates values in the tape at each timestep.
0.2: Online Interpreters
There are a number of online Brainfuck interpreters that give you instant output (as opposed to visualizing the output with a time delay):
0.3: Offline Interpreters
There is also software available to run Brainfuck offline:
0.4: DIY Interpreter
Brainfuck is perhaps one of the easiest languages to create an interpreter for. A programmer with intermediate experience can create an interpreter for Brainfuck code very quickly. If you’re feeling up to the task, it is not difficult to do it yourself. Below are some sample interpreters that people have written in different languages.
Python:
# Copyright 2011 Sebastian Kaspari
# From https://github.com/pocmo/Python-Brainfuck/blob/master/brainfuck.py
import sys
import getch
def execute(filename):
f = open(filename, "r")
evaluate(f.read())
f.close()
def evaluate(code):
code = cleanup(list(code))
bracemap = buildbracemap(code)
cells, codeptr, cellptr = [0], 0, 0
while codeptr < len(code):
command = code[codeptr]
if command == ">":
cellptr += 1
if cellptr == len(cells): cells.append(0)
if command == "<":
cellptr = 0 if cellptr <= 0 else cellptr - 1
if command == "+":
cells[cellptr] = cells[cellptr] + 1 if cells[cellptr] < 255 else 0
if command == "-":
cells[cellptr] = cells[cellptr] - 1 if cells[cellptr] > 0 else 255
if command == "[" and cells[cellptr] == 0: codeptr = bracemap[codeptr]
if command == "]" and cells[cellptr] != 0: codeptr = bracemap[codeptr]
if command == ".": sys.stdout.write(chr(cells[cellptr]))
if command == ",": cells[cellptr] = ord(getch.getch())
codeptr += 1
def cleanup(code):
return ''.join(filter(lambda x: x in ['.', ',', '[', ']', '<', '>', '+', '-'], code))
def buildbracemap(code):
temp_bracestack, bracemap = [], {}
for position, command in enumerate(code):
if command == "[": temp_bracestack.append(position)
if command == "]":
start = temp_bracestack.pop()
bracemap[start] = position
bracemap[position] = start
return bracemap
def main():
if len(sys.argv) == 2: execute(sys.argv[1])
else: print("Usage:", sys.argv[0], "filename")
if __name__ == "__main__": main()
C++:
// From https://gist.github.com/migimunz/964338/4fd5c9ddfc477c4fb323848e137e48fafca423fc
#include <stdio.h>
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
#include <sstream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <ctype.h>
//typedefs
typedef char WORD;
typedef std::vector<WORD> instruction_t;
typedef instruction_t::iterator instruction_pointer;
typedef std::vector<WORD> memory_t;
typedef memory_t::iterator memory_pointer;
//structs
struct environment
{
memory_t memory;
instruction_t instructions;
instruction_pointer ip;
memory_pointer mp;
environment() : memory(3000)
{
clear();
mp = memory.begin();
}
void clear()
{
instructions.clear();
ip = instructions.begin();
}
};
//prototypes
void interpret(environment &env);
int from_line(environment &env, std::string &line, int open_brackets = 0);
int from_stream(environment &env, std::istream &stream, int open_brackets = 0);
void interactive_mode(environment &env);
void print_word(WORD word);
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
environment env;
//if no args, read from stdin. else, read from file specified as first argument
if(argc == 1)
{
interactive_mode(env);
}
else
{
std::ifstream stream = std::ifstream(argv[1]);
if(stream.is_open())
{
int open_brackets = from_stream(env, stream);
if(open_brackets == 0)
interpret(env);
else
std::cout << "Unmatched brackets!" << std::endl;
}
else
{
std::cout << "File not found : " << argv[1] << std::endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
void print_word(WORD word)
{
if(isprint(word))
std::cout << word;
else
std::cout << "0x" << std::hex << (int)word << std::dec;
}
int from_line(environment &env, std::string &line, int open_brackets)
{
std::istringstream stream = std::istringstream(line);
return from_stream(env, stream, open_brackets);
}
int from_stream(environment &env, std::istream &stream, int open_brackets)
{
if(open_brackets == 0)
env.instructions.push_back('\0');
WORD word;
while(true)
{
stream >> word;
if(!stream) break;
switch(word)
{
case '<': case '>': case '+': case '-': case ',': case '.':
env.instructions.push_back(word);
break;
case '[':
open_brackets++;
env.instructions.push_back(word);
break;
case ']':
open_brackets--;
env.instructions.push_back(word);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
if(open_brackets == 0)
env.instructions.push_back('\0');
return open_brackets;
}
void interactive_mode(environment &env)
{
int open_brackets = 0;
while(true)
{
std::string line;
std::getline(std::cin, line);
if(!std::cin) break;
if(open_brackets == 0) env.clear();
open_brackets = from_line(env, line, open_brackets);
if(open_brackets == 0)
{
interpret(env);
std::cout << ">";
print_word(*env.mp);
std::cout << std::endl;
}
else
{
std::cout << "->";
}
}
}
void find_closing(environment &env)
{
int balance = 1;
do
{
env.ip++;
if(*env.ip == '[')
balance++;
else if(*env.ip == ']')
balance--;
}while(balance != 0);
}
void find_opening(environment &env)
{
int balance = 0;
do
{
if(*env.ip == '[')
balance++;
else if(*env.ip == ']')
balance--;
env.ip--;
}while(balance != 0);
}
void interpret(environment &env)
{
env.ip = env.instructions.begin();
while(env.ip != env.instructions.end())
{
switch(*env.ip)
{
case '+':
(*env.mp)++;
env.ip++;
break;
case '-':
(*env.mp)--;
env.ip++;
break;
case '>':
if(env.mp != (env.memory.end()--))
env.mp++;
env.ip++;
break;
case '<':
if(env.mp != env.memory.begin())
env.mp--;
env.ip++;
break;
case '.':
print_word(*env.mp);
env.ip++;
break;
case ',':
WORD word;
std::cin >> word;
(*env.mp) = word;
env.ip++;
break;
case '[':
if(!(*env.mp))
find_closing(env);
env.ip++;
break;
case ']':
find_opening(env);
env.ip++;
break;
case '\0':
env.ip++;
break;
}
}
}
Brainfuck (a Brainfuck compiler written in Brainfuck):
From https://github.com/canoon/bfbf/blob/master/bf.bf
[-]+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[>[-],>[-]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>>[-]>>[-
]<<<<<<[->>>>+>>+<<<<<<]>>>>>>[-<<<<<<+>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<<<<[->>>>+>+<<<<<]>>>>>[
-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>
+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>
[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[
-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<]>>[-
<<+>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>[->>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[->>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-<>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>
>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<
]<>>]<>>>>>[-]<<[->>+<<]<<<>>[-<<<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<
<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>
]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>]<<<<<<<+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[
-]]<<]>[-]>>>[-]<<[-]>>>[-]<<<<<[-]+>>>>>>>>[-]>>[-]<<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>+>>+<<<<<<
<<<]>>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>[-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[-
>>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<
[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->
+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<<<<[-]>>>>
>>>[-]]<<<<<<<[>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]>[-
]<<<[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<[->>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-<>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<
<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<
[->+<]<>>]<>>>>>[-<+<+>>]<[->+<]<<<<>>[-<<<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->
>>>>+<<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<
+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<[-]>>>[-]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[->>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<][-]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>>[-]>>[-]<
<<<<<<<[->>>>>>+>>+<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<<<<[->>>>+>+<<
<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>[-]>[-
]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>
+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-
]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<+>>>>[-]]<<[-]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++>>>[-]>>[-]<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>+>>+<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<+>>>
>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<<<<[->>>>+>+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->
>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[
-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+
>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<->>>>[-]]<<
[-]++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>>[-]>>[-]<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>+>>+
<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<<<<[->>>>+>+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>
>>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[
-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>
]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>
+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<.>>>>[-]]<<[-]++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>
>[-]>>[-]<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>+>>+<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<<<<[
->>>>+>+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>
]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>
[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<
<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-],>>>>[-]]<<[-]++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>>[-]>>[-]<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>+>>+<
<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<<<<[->>>>+>+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>
>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-
<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]
<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>+
<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<]>>
>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<<<]>>>
>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<
<<<<<]>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-
<>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->
+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>]<>>>>>[-<<
<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-]<<[->>+<<]<<<<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-
<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>[-<<<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<
<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-
<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<
<<<+>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]>[-]<<<[-]<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<<
<]>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<+<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>[-<>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<
]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>]<>>>>
>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<+<+>>]<[->+<]<<<<<>>[-<+>]>
[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>[-<<<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<
[->>>>>+<<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>
[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<[-]>>>>>[-]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<]<[-]]<<[-]++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++>>>[-]>>[-]<<<<<<<<[->>>>>>+>>+<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>]<[-]>[-]<<
<<<[->>>>+>+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<[-]+[[-]>>>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<
+>>>]<[>[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]+>->->>[-]]<[-]]<<<]<[-]+>>>>
[-]>[-]<<<[->>+>+<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]][-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<
[<<<<[-]>>>>[-]]<<<[-]>[-]<<[->+>+<<]>>[-<<+>>]<[>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<[
->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<]>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<<<<<<[-
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[-]<<
<<<<<[->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[-<>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+
<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<[->+<]<>>>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<[->+<]<
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-]<<[->>+<<]<<<<>>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]>[-<+>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>[-<<<>>[-<+>]>
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